Statistics is the study of
the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of
data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data
collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. The word
statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in
"Statistics is an art. This should not be confused with the word
statistic, referring to a quantity such as mean or median calculated from a set
of data.
Much of statistics is non-mathematical:
ensuring that data collection is undertaken in a way that allows valid
conclusions to be drawn; coding and archiving of data so that information is
retained and made useful for international comparisons of official statistics;
reporting of results and summarized data tables and graphs in ways that are
comprehensible to those who need to make use of them; implementing procedures
that ensure the privacy of census information.
Statisticians improve the
quality of data by coming up with a specific design of experiments and survey
sampling. Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting
the use of data and statistical models. Statistics is applicable to a wide
variety of academic disciplines, including natural and social sciences,
government, and business. Statistical consultants are available to provide help
for organizations and companies without direct access to expertise relevant to
their particular questions.
Statistics is closely
related to the probability theory, with which it is often grouped; the
difference is roughly that in probability theory, one starts from the given
parameters of a total population to deduce probabilities pertaining to samples,
but statistical inference moves in the opposite direction, inductive inference
from samples to the parameters of a larger or total population.
Traditionally, statistics
was concerned with drawing inferences using a semi-standardized methodology
that was "required learning" in most sciences. This has changed with
use of statistics in non-inferential contexts. What was once considered a dry
subject, taken in many fields as a degree-requirement, is now viewed
enthusiastically.
Initially derided by some
mathematical purists, it is now considered essential methodology in certain
areas.
Ø In number theory, scatter plots of data generated by
a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in
statistics to reveal underlying patterns, which may then lead to hypotheses.
Ø Methods of statistics including predictive methods
in forecasting are combined with chaos theory and fractal geometry to create
video works that are considered to have great beauty.
Ø The process art of Jackson Pollock relied on
artistic experiments whereby underlying distributions in nature were
artistically revealed. With the advent of computers, methods of statistics were
applied to formalize such distribution driven natural processes, in order to
make and analyze moving video art.
Ø Methods of statistics may be used predicatively in
performance art, as in a card trick based on a Markov process that only works
some of the time, the occasion of which can be predicted using statistical
methodology.
Ø Statistics can be used to predicatively create art,
as in the statistical or stochastic music invented by Iannis Xenakis, where the
music is performance-specific. Though this type of artistry does not always
come out as expected, it does behave in ways that are predictable and tunable
using statistics.
Universities
and Colleges offer lot of advanced degree courses in Statistics with thesis and
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